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John Ronald Skirth (11 December 1897 – 1977) served in the Royal Garrison Artillery during the First World War. His experiences during the Battle of Messines and the Battle of Passchendaele led him to resolve not to take human life, and for the rest of his army service he made deliberate errors in targeting calculations to try to ensure the guns of his battery missed their aiming point on the first attempt, giving the enemy a chance to evacuate. Many years later, after retiring from a career as a teacher, he wrote a memoir of his years in the army, describing his disillusionment with the conduct of the war and his conversion to pacifism. In 2010 the memoir was published as ''The Reluctant Tommy'', edited by Duncan Barrett. ==Early life and war service== Skirth was born in Chelmsford and grew up in Bexhill-on-Sea. In the First World War, having volunteered for the British Army under the Derby Scheme, and having requested that the process be expedited, he was called up in October 1916, two months before his 19th birthday. He became a Battery Commander's Assistant in the Royal Garrison Artillery, responsible for making the calculations necessary to target the large guns of a field battery. When he argued with a superior officer over whether to use a French church for target practice he was demoted in rank from Corporal to Bombardier.〔Barrett, Michele. ''Casualty Figures: How Five Men Survived the First World War''. Verso, 2007, p. 67.〕 Skirth saw action in the Battle of Messines, in which two of his closest friends, Bill and Geordie, were killed. On the same day he had an "epiphany" when he stumbled across the body of a dead German of about his own age, and realised that one of the shells he had targeted might well have killed him.〔Barrett 2007, pp. 70–72.〕 This was to mark a turning point in his thinking about the war as he determined that he was morally responsible for his actions and for their consequences, despite the chain of command.〔Skirth and Barrett 2010, p. 77.〕 During the Battle of Passchendaele, Skirth and another friend, Jock Shiels, left their post when they discovered that their commanding officer had ignored an order to withdraw from the front line. Skirth was knocked out by a shell which killed Shiels, and subsequently suffered from shell-shock and amnesia. Following a period of convalescence in hospital in France, he was sent to the Italian Front in December 1917, where his battery was being reorganised. There, following a relapse of shell-shock, he was treated in hospital in Schio and at the mud spa at Montegrotto.〔Barrett 2007, pp. 79–80.〕 In Italy, Skirth made a resolution that he would do everything within his power to avoid further loss of human life.〔Barrett 2007, p.78.〕 He felt that the "just war" he had signed up for was anything but just,〔Skirth and Barrett 2010, p.160.〕 and was disillusioned with the army and the conduct of the war. In a church in the Italian village of San Martino, near Vicenza, he made a private pact with God that he would never again help to take a human life.〔Barrett 2007, pp. 76–78.〕 He wrote to his future wife, Ella Christian, claiming that he had become a pacifist and a conscientious objector.〔Barrett 2007, p. 84.〕 He also began a campaign of small acts of sabotage, introducing minor errors into his trajectory calculations so as to mistarget the guns, such that they "never once hit an inhabited target" on the first attempt, giving the enemy a chance to evacuate.〔Barrett 2007, p. 87.〕 His actions were never discovered by his superiors. Apparently he carried out this sabotage while still in Italy where he remained until February 1919,〔Skirth and Barrett 2010, p.297.〕 aside from a fortnight of leave back in England in November and December 1918.〔Skirth and Barrett 2010, p.280.〕 He received the British War Medal and Victory Medal for his war service but declined the Military Medal, which he felt was offered as part of an attempt to whitewash a fatal accident he had tried to prevent.〔Barrett 2007, p. 89.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ronald Skirth」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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